Period Arts Ceiling Fan
Incense - China Turned Parts - China Sheet Metal Parts
Period Arts ceiling fan
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History This section does not cite any references or sources Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed September 2008 Incense sticks at Po Lin Monastery Hong Kong The use of incense dates back to biblical times and may have originated in Egypt where the gums and resins of aromatic trees were imported from the Arabian and Somali coasts to be used in religious ceremonies It was also used by the Pharaohs not only to counteract unpleasant odors but also to drive away demons and gratify the presence of the gods as they believed The Babylonians used incense extensively while offering prayers to divining oracles In India some 2000 years BCE various writings mention perfumers and incense sellers Evidence suggests oils were used mainly for their aroma Incense spread from there to Greece and Rome It was imported into Ancient Israel in the 5th century BCE to be used in religious offerings Brought to Japan in the 6th century by Chinese Buddhist monks who used the mystical aromas in their purification rites the delicate scents of Koh high quality Japanese incense became a source of amusement and entertainment with nobles in the Imperial Court during the Heian Era 200 years later During the 14th century Shogunate samurai warriors would perfume their helmets and armor with incense to achieve a proud aura of invincibility It wasn t until the Muromachi Era during the 15th and 16th century that incense appreciation Kd spread to the upper and middle classes of Japanese society Composition Some commonly used raw incense and incense making materials from top down left to right Makko powder Machilus thunbergii Borneol camphor Dryobalanops aromatica Sumatra Benzoin Styrax benzoin Omani frankincense Boswellia sacra Guggul Commiphora wightii Golden Frankincense Boswellia papyrifera Tolu balsam Myroxylon toluifera Somalian myrrh Commiphora myrrha Labdanum Cistus villosus Opoponax Commiphora opoponax and white Indian sandalwood powder Santalum album Throughout history a wide variety of materials have been used in making incense Historically there has been a preference for using locally available ingredients For example sage and cedar were used by the indigenous peoples of North America This was a preference and ancient trading in incense materials from one area to another comprised a major part of commerce along the Silk Road and other trade routes one notably called the Incense Route The same could be said for the techniques used to make incense Local knowledge and tools were extremely influential on the style but methods were also influenced by migrations of foreigners among them clergy and physicians who were both familiar with incense arts Natural solid aromatics The following fragrance materials can be employed in either direct or indirect burning incense They are commonly used in religious ceremonies and many of them are considered quite valuable Essential oils or other extracted fractions of these materials may also be isolated and used to make incense The resulting incense is sometimes considered to lack the aromatic complexity or authenticity of incense made from raw materials not infused or fortified with extracts Woods and barks Agarwood Cedar Sandalwood Cypress Juniper Cassia Seeds and fruits Coriander Harmala Juniper Nutmeg Star anise Vanilla Resins and gums Bdellium Benzoin Copal Frankincense Myrrh Labdanum Dragon s blood Storax Galbanum Elemi Camphor Sandarac Guggul Opoponax Tolu balsam Leaves Patchouli Sage Bay Tea Balsam Roots and rhizomes Vetiver Orris Calamus Spikenard Galangal Couch Grass Flowers and buds Clove Lavender Saffron Rose Animal derived materials Ambergris Musk Operculum Liquid aromatics Many essential oils and artificial fragrances are used for scenting incense Incense deriving its aroma primarily from essential oils is usually cheaper than that made from unextracted raw materials Even cheaper are artificial fragrances used in incense which are derived from chemical synthesis Liquid aromatics are usually added to a base formed from charcoal powder Essential oils Patchouli Cedar Sandalwood Jasmine Rose Ylang ylang Artificial scents Cannabis Garden strawberry Opium Cestrum nocturnum Lily of the Valley Watermelon Combustible base Charcoal based cone incense The combustible base of a direct burning incense mixture not only binds the fragrant material together but also allows the produced incense to burn with a self sustained ember which propagates slowly and evenly through an entire piece of incense with such regularity that it can be used to mark time The base is chosen such that it does not produce a perceptible smell Commercially two types of incense base predominate Fuel and oxidizer mixtures Charcoal or wood powder forms the fuel for the combustion Gums such as Gum Arabic or Gum Tragacanth are used to bind the mixture together while an oxidizer such as Sodium nitrate or Potassium nitrate sustains the burning of the incense Fragrant materials are combined into the base prior to formation as in the case of powdered incense materials or after formation as in the case of essential oils The formula for the charcoal based incense is superficially similar to black powder though it lacks the sulfur Natural plant based binders Mucilaginous material which can be derived from many botanical sources is mixed with fragrant materials and water The mucilage from the wet binding powder holds the fragrant material together while the cellulose in the powder combusts to form a stable ember when lit The dry binding powder usually comprises about 10 of the dry weight in the finished incense Makko incense powder made from the bark of the tabu no ki tree Machilus thunbergii Jpn is perhaps the best known source of natural plant based binder In India a resin based binder called Jigit is used In Nepal Tibet and other East Asian countries a bark based powder called Laha or Dar is used Types Incense is available in various forms and degrees of processing They can generally be separated into direct burning and indirect burnings types depending on use Preference for one form or another varies with culture tradition and personal taste Indirect burning Indirect burning frankincense on a hot coal Indirect burning incense also called non combustible incense is simply a combination of aromatic ingredients not prepared in any particular way or encouraged into any particular form leaving it mostly unsuitable for direct combustion The use of this class of incense requires a separate heat source since it does not generally kindle a fire capable of burning itself and may not ignite at all under normal conditions This incense can vary in the duration of its burning with the texture of the material Finer ingredients tend to burn more rapidly while coarsely ground or whole chunks may be consumed very gradually as they have less total surface area The heat is traditionally provided by charcoal or glowing embers The best known incense materials of this type in the West are frankincense and myrrh likely due to their numerous mentions in the Christian Bible In fact the word for frankincense in many European languages also alludes to any form of incense Whole The incense material is burned directly in its raw unprocessed form on top of coal embers Powdered or granulated The incense material is broken down into finer bits This incense burns quickly and provides a short period of intense smells Paste The powdered or granulated incense material is mixed with a sticky and incombustible binder such as dried fruit honey or a soft resin and then formed to balls or small pastilles These may then be allowed to mature in a controlled environment where the fragrances can commingle and unite Much Arabian incense also called Bukhoor or Bakhoor is of this type and Japan has a history of kneaded incense called nerik or awasek using this method Within the Eastern Orthodox Christian tradition raw frankincense is ground into a fine powder and then mixed with various sweet smelling essential oils Direct burning Incense coils hanging from the ceiling of an East Asian temple Direct burning incense also called combustible incense generally requires little preparation prior to its use When lit directly by a flame hence the appellation and then fanned out the glowing ember on the incense will continue to smolder and burn away the rest of the incense without continued application of heat or flame from an outside source This class of incense is made from a moldable substrate of fragrant finely ground or liquid incense materials and odorless binder The composition must be adjusted to provide fragrance in the proper concentration and to ensure even burning The following types of direct burning incense are commonly encountered though the material itself can take virtually any form according to expediency or whimsy Coil Extruded and shaped into a coil without a core This type of incense is able to burn for an extended period from hours to days and is commonly produced and used by Chinese culture Cone Incense in this form burns relatively fast Cone incense containing mugwort are used in Traditional Chinese medicine for moxibustion treatment Cored stick This form of stick incense has a supporting core of bamboo Higher quality varieties of this form have fragrant sandalwood cores The core is coated by a thick layer of incense material that burns away with the core This type of incense is commonly produced in India and China When used for worship in Chinese folk religion cored incensed sticks are sometimes known as Joss sticks Solid stick This stick incense has no supporting core and is completely made of incense material Easily broken into pieces it allows one to determine the specific amount of incense they wish to burn This is the most commonly produced form of incense in Japan and Tibet Incense blanks This form is made of unscented dust and then immersed into any kind of essential or fragrance oil It was made popular in American Flea markets by vendors who wanted their own style and often known as dipped or Hand dipped Loose powder The incense powder used for making indirect burning incense is sometimes burned without further processing They are typically packed into long trails on top of wood ash using a stencil and burned in special censers or incense clocks Rope The incense powder is rolled into paper sheets which are then rolled into ropes twisted tightly then doubled over and twisted again yielding a two strand rope The larger end is the bight and may be stood vertically in a shallow dish of sand or pebbles The smaller pointed end is lit This type of incense is highly transportable and stays fresh for excessively long periods of time It has been used for centuries in Tibet and Nepal Direct burning incense of these forms is either extruded pressed into forms or coated onto a supporting material Production Drying cored stick incense Vietnam Although the production of direct and indirect burning incense are both blended to produce a pleasant smell when burned the two differ in their composition due to the former s requirement for even stable and sustained burning Indirect Indirect burning incense does not have any stringent requirements except for achieving pleasant smell when lit Mixture of incense materials can be combined by powdering the raw materials and then mixing together with a binder to form pastes which are then cut and dried into pellets Incense of the Athonite Orthodox Christian tradition are made using similar methods by powdering frankincense or fir resin mixing it with essential oils Floral fragrances are the most common but citrus such as lemon is not uncommon The incense mixture is then rolled out into a slab approximately 1cm thick and left until the slab has firmed It is then cut into small cubes coated with powder clay to prevent adhesion and allowed to fully harden and dry The product visually resemble cubes of Loukoum Direct Poor quality cored incense Note that the sticks are uneven in thickness and the supporting cores remain even after combustion of the incense It is quite the opposite for direct burning incense On top of producing a pleasant scent when burnt this type of incense must burn completely to a cool white ash with a stable ember Ideally the incense should burn slowly and evenly with no trace of the supporting core after burning In order to obtain these desired combustion qualities attention has to be paid to certain proportions in direct burning incense mixtures Oil content Resinous materials such as myrrh and frankincense must not exceed the amount of dry materials in the mixture to such a degree that the incense will not smolder and burn The higher the oil content relative to the dry mass the less likely the mixture is to burn effectively Typically the resinous or oily substances are balanced with dry materials such as wood bark and leaf powders Oxidizer quantity The amount of chemical oxidizer in gum bound incense must be carefully proportioned Too little and the incense will not ignite too much and the incense will burn too quickly and not produce fragrant smoke Mixture density Incense mixture made with natural binders must not be combined with too much water in mixing or over compressed while being formed This either results in uneven air distribution or undesirable density in the mixture which causes the incense to burn unevenly too slowly or too quickly Particulate size The incense mixture has to be well pulverized with similar size of particulates Uneven and large particulates will result in uneven burning and may smell inconsistent when burned Binder Water soluble binders like makko have to be used in the right proportion to ensure that the incense mixture does not crumble when dry but also that the binder does not take up too much of the mixture Compressed forms Incense mixtures can be extruded or pressed into shapes Small quantities of water are combined with the fragrance a
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